The other chi-square tests and statistics described in this section are ... cell is less than or equal to that of the observed table. A small left-sided p-value supports the alternative hypothesis ...

A statistical test that allows one to determine whether observed quantities of a specific characteristic differed from the expected value purely by chance.

The chi-square value is calculated using the following formula: Using this formula, the difference between the observed and expected frequencies is calculated for each experimental outcome category.